Тема NATO policy toward China and Russia

Part 2. NATO's policy towards China and Russia
2.1. NATO's policy towards in Russia
2.1.1. History of relations between Russia and NATO
2.1.2. Mechanisms of interaction between the Russian Federation and NATO
2.1.3. Access to joint developments in the field of defense industry, science and technology.
2.1.4 Political dialogue and practical cooperation with NATO
2.2. NATO's policy towards China
2.2.1. NATO-China relations
2.2.2. Foreign policy positioning and strategic trends

2.3. Differences and similarities of NATO policies between Russia and China
2.3.1 Implications for the NATO of Russia and China alliance
2.3.2 Similarities of NATO policies between Russia and China


Part 2. NATO's policy towards China and Russia
2.1. NATO's policy towards Russia
2.1.1 History of relations between Russia and NATO
The history of relations takes its roots from the Cold War between the United States and the USSR, the history of this confrontation is beyond the scope of this work, but some aspects are fundamental in the modern history of relations between the Russian Federation and NATO, let us consider them.
On March 31, 1954, the USSR officially applied to join NATO. The West was horrified by the formulation of such a question. The answer to Moscow was clear: There is no need to emphasize the absolutely unrealistic nature of such a proposal. It contradicts the very principles on which the defense and security system of Western states is built ...". Comments are unnecessary. After all, the Soviet Union made NATO a legitimate organization in the eyes of Western taxpayers by the mere fact of its existence.
Official relations between Russia and NATO began in 1991, when Russia joined the North Atlantic Cooperation Council (renamed the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council in 1997) , which was formed after the end of the Cold War as a mechanism to enhance transparency and deepen dialogue.
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization and its member States, on the one hand, and the Russian Federation, on the other hand, hereinafter referred to as NATO and Russia, based on an enduring political commitment undertaken at the highest political level, will build together a lasting and inclusive peace in the Euro-Atlantic area on the principles of democracy and cooperative security.
NATO and Russia do not consider each other as adversaries. They share the goal of overcoming the vestiges of earlier confrontation and competition and of strengthening mutual trust and cooperation. The present Act reaffirms the determination of NATO and Russia to give concrete substance to their shared commitment to build a stable, peaceful and undivided Europe, whole and free, to the benefit of all its peoples. Making this commitment at the highest political level marks the beginning of a fundamentally new relationship between NATO and Russia. They intend to develop, on the basis of common interest, reciprocity and transparency a strong, stable and enduring partnership.
This Act defines the goals and mechanism of consultation, cooperation, joint decision-making and joint action that will constitute the core of the mutual relations between NATO and Russia....."
The creation of the NATO-Russia Joint Permanent Council, a kind of "trial mechanism" for cooperation, in accordance with the "Founding Act", helped to strengthen mutual trust and overcome differences through dialogue, and opened up opportunities for developing a program of cooperation in the field of security and defense.
Russia's accession to the Partnership for Peace program in 1994 created the basis for more practical cooperation, and in 1996 Russia provided a large contingent to participate in the NATO-led peacekeeping force in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
A qualitatively new stage in the development of relations was opened by the summit of Russia and the NATO member states in Rome on May 28, 2002. In accordance with the Rome Declaration, the NATO-Russia Council (NRC) was established - a fundamentally new mechanism for consultations, consensus-building, practical cooperation, joint decisions and actions of Russia and NATO member states as equal partners on a wide range of security issues.
For 6 years, until the summer of 2008, the NRC met twice a year at the level of Foreign and defense ministers, as well as the Chiefs of the General Staff. Military cooperation was coordinated in a general committee on a monthly basis, under the chairmanship of the NATO Secretary General; whenever possible, at the level of heads of State and Government. The structure of the NATO-Russia Council included a Preparatory Committee, which met at least twice a month. The Committee prepared questions for subsequent discussion at the ambassadorial level and monitored the activities of all experts under the auspices of the NRC. At the NRC meetings, Russia and the NATO member states held meetings on an equal footing in the "29" format, while earlier, under the PCA, the bilateral format "NATO+1"was adopted. The members of the NATO-Russia Council were collectively responsible for decisions taken in their national capacity that did not violate the principles of collective obligations.
Key areas of cooperation include counter-terrorism, crisis management in hotbeds of tension, nuclear non-proliferation, arms control and confidence-building measures, theater missile defense, logistics, military cooperation, military reform, and civil emergencies.
The NATO-Russia Council has established more than 25 working groups and committees to promote cooperation in the areas of counter-terrorism, non-proliferation, peacekeeping, theater missile defense, air space management, civil emergencies, military reform, logistics, and scientific cooperation for peace and security.
After 2008, the work of the Council was reduced, and after 2014, it was curtailed at the initiative of NATO.
2.1.2. Mechanisms of interaction between the Russian Federation and NATO
The evolution of NATO has prompted the creation of mechanisms for interaction and cooperation with Russia. The formation of mechanisms for direct dialogue and interaction between Russia and the main European institutions in the political, economic and military-political fields has begun, this process is proceeding with setbacks and setbacks
The Permanent Joint Council (PCA) is an integral part of the cooperation mechanism laid down in the Founding Act. It held its first meeting on 18 July 1997 and remained the focus of efforts to build confidence, overcome misconceptions and develop a system of regular consultation and cooperation. The main function of the PCA is to strengthen cooperation between Russia and NATO and to identify opportunities for joint action. Regular, usually monthly, PCA meetings quickly led to a new type of dialogue and an unprecedented number of contacts at many different